Frederick Engels'
ANTI-DÜHRING
Herr Eugen Dühring's
Revolution in Science
Written: September 1876 - June 1878
Published: In German in Vorwärts, January 3 1877 to July 7 1878
Published: As book, Leipzig 1878.
Translation: Emile Burns (from the 1894 Stuttgart third edition)
Transcribed for the Internet: meia@marx.org, August 1996
Formerly known as Herr Eugen Dühring's Revolution in Science, Engels'
Anti-Dühring is a popular and enduring work which, as Engels wrote to Marx,
was an attempt "to produce an encyclopaedic survey of our conception of the
philosophical, natural-science and historical problems."
Marx and Engels first became aware of Professor Dühring with his December
1867 review of Capital, published in Ergänzungsblätter. They exchanged a
series of letters about him from January-March 1868.
He was largely forgotten until the mid-1870s, at which time Dühring entered
Germany's political foreground. German Social-Democrats were influenced by
both his Kritische Geschichte der Nationalökonomie und des Sozialismus and
Cursus der Philosophie als streng wissenschaftlicher Weltanschauung und
Lebensgestaltung. Among his readers were included Johann Most, Friedrich
Wilhelm Fritzsche, Eduard Bernstein -- and even August Bebel for a brief
period.
In March 1874, the Social-Democratic Workers' Party paper Volksstaat ran an
anonymous article (actually penned by Bebel) favorably reviewing one of
Dühring's books.
On both February 1 and April 21, 1875, Liebknecht encouraged Engels to take
Dühring head-on in the pages of the Volksstaat. In February 1876, Engels
fired an opening salvo with his Volksstaat article "Prussian Vodka in the
German Reichstag".
On May 24, 1876, Engels wrote Marx, saying there was cause to initiate a
campaign against the spread of Dühring's views. Marx replied the next day,
saying Dühring himself should be sharply criticised. So Engels put aside his
work on what would later become known as the book Dialectics of Nature. On
May 28, he outlined to Marx the general strategy he planned to take against
Dühring.
It would take over two years to complete.
The book breaks into three distinct parts:
Part I: Philosophy -- Written mainly between September 1876 and January
1877. Published as a series of articles entitled Herrn Eugen Dühring's
Umwälzung der Philosophie in Vorwärts between January and May 1877.
Later, beginning in 1878, with the first separate edition, the first two
chapters of this part were made into an independent general introduction
to all three parts.
Part II: Political Economy -- Written mainly between June and August
1877. (The last chapter was actually written by Marx.) Published under
the title Herrn Eugen Dühring's Umwälzung der politischen Oekonomie in
Wissenschaftliche Beilage and in the supplement to Vorwärts between July
and December 1877.
Part III: Socialism -- Written mainly between August 1877 and April
1878. Published as Herrn Eugen Dühring's Umwälzung des Sozialismus in
the supplement to Vorwärts between May and July 1878.
The Vorwärts serials elicited objections from Dühring's loyal adherents:
during the May 27 1877 congress of the Socialist Workers' Party of Germany,
they attempted to ban the on-going publication of it in the Party paper.
Indeed, the sporadic delays in publication were largely due to their
efforts.
In July 1877, Part I was published as a pamphlet. In July 1878, Parts II
and III were combined into a second pamphlet.
In early July 1878, the complete work was first published as a book -- with
an added preface by Engels. In October 1878, Germany's Anti-Socialist Law
was instituted and Anti-Dühring was banned along with Engels' other works.
In 1886, a second edition appeared in Zurich. The third, revised and
supplemented edition was published in Stuttgart, in 1894, i.e., after the
Anti-Socialist Law was repealed (1890). This was the last edition during
Engels' lifetime. It was translated into English for the first time in 1907,
in Chicago.
In 1880, at Paul Lafargue's request, Engels took three chapters of
Anti-Dühring and created one would become one of the most popular socialist
pamphlets in the world: Socialism: Utopian and Scientific.
Anti-Dühring
Prefaces
Preface: London, June 11, 1878
Preface: London, September 23, 1885
Preface: London, May 23, 1894
Introduction
Ch. 1: General
Ch. 2: What Herr Dühring promises
Part I: Philosophy
Ch. 3: Classification. Apriorism
Ch. 4: World Schematism
Ch. 5: Philosophy of Nature. Time and Space
Ch. 6: Philosophy of Nature. Cosmogony, Physics, Chemistry.
Ch. 7: Philosophy of Nature. The Organic World.
Ch. 8: Philosophy of Nature. The Organic World. (Conclusion)
Ch. 9: Morality and Law. Eternal Truths.
Ch. 10: Morality and Law. Equality.
Ch. 11: Morality and Law. Freedom and Necessity.
Ch. 12: Dialectics. Quantity and Quality.
Ch. 13: Dialectics. Negation of the Negation.
Ch. 14: Conclusion.
Part II: Political Economy
Ch. 1: Subject Matter and Method
Ch. 2: Theory of Force.
Ch. 3: Theory of Force. (Continuation)
Ch. 4: Theory of Force. (Conclusion)
Ch. 5: Theory of Value.
Ch. 6: Simple and Compound Labour.
Ch. 7: Capital and Surplus-Value.
Ch. 8: Capital and Surplus-Value. (Conclusion)
Ch. 9: Natural Laws of the Economy. Rent of Land.
Ch. 10: From Kritische Geschichte.
Part III: Socialism
Ch. 1: Historical.
Ch. 2: Theoretical.
Ch. 3: Production.
Ch. 4: Distribution.
Ch. 5: State, Family, Education.
Notes
Notes
Notes by Engels
Cover pages
Vorwärts, January 1877
First book edition, Leipzig, 1878
Last book edition in Engels' life, Stuttgart, 1894
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